Vider li fonte de «Lúmine»

[[File:Light dispersion conceptual waves.gif|thumb|upright=1.2|Un triangulari [[dispersiv prisme|prisme]] [[dispersion (optica)|disperse]] un radie de blanc lúmine. Li plu longi unde-longores (rubie) e lu plu curt (blu) es separat.]]

'''Lúmine''' o '''luce''' o '''visibil lúmine''' es [[radiation electromagnetic]] intra li parte del [[spectre electromagnetic|spectre]] que es [[visual perception|perceptet]] per li [[human ocule]].<ref>[[International Commission on Illumination|CIE]] (1987). [https://web.archive.org/web/20100227034508/http://www.cie.co.at/publ/abst/17-4-89.html ''International Lighting Vocabulary''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100227034508/http://www.cie.co.at/publ/abst/17-4-89.html |date=27 February 2010 }}. Number 17.4. CIE, 4th edition. {{ISBN|978-3-900734-07-7}}.<br/>By li ''International Lighting Vocabulary'', li definition de ''lúmine'' es: "Omni radiation capabil de causar un visual sensation directmen."</ref> 
Visibil lúmine es usualmen defini quam havente [[unde-longore]]s in li range de 400 a 700 [[nanometre]]s (nm), conform a [[frequentie|frequenties]] de 750 a 420 [[terahertz (unite)|terahertz]], inter li [[infrarubie]] (plu long unde-longores) e li [[ultraviolette]] (plu curt unde-longores).
<ref name="Pal2001">{{Cite book |last1=Pal |first1=G.K. |last2=Pal |first2=Pravati |title=Textbook of Practical Physiology |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CcJvIiesqp8C&pg=PA387 |access-date=11 October 2013 |edition=1st |year=2001 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |location=Chennai |isbn=978-81-250-2021-9 |page=387 |chapter=chapter 52 |quote=Li human ocule have li abilita a responder del unde-longores de lúmine de 400-700 nm. To es nominat li visibil parte del spectre.}}</ref><ref name="BuserImbert1992">{{Cite book |last1=Buser |first1=Pierre A. |last2=Imbert |first2=Michel |title=Vision |url=https://archive.org/details/vision0000buse |url-access=registration |access-date=11 October 2013 |year=1992 |publisher=MIT Press |isbn=978-0-262-02336-8 |page=[https://archive.org/details/vision0000buse/page/50 50] |quote=Lúmine es un special classe de radiant energie con unde-longores inter 400 e 700 nm (o mμ), o de 4000 a 7000 Å.}}</ref>

In [[fisica]], li término "lúmine" mey refere plu largimen a radiation electromagnetic de omni unde-longore, sive visibil sive invisibil.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Camera lenses: from box camera to digital |author=Gregory Hallock Smith |publisher=SPIE Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-8194-6093-6 |page=4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6mb0C0cFCEYC&pg=PA4}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Comprehensive Physics XII |author=Narinder Kumar |publisher=Laxmi Publications |year=2008 |isbn=978-81-7008-592-8 |page=1416 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IryMtwHHngIC&pg=PA1416}}</ref> In ti signification, [[gamma-radie]]s, [[X-radie]]s, [[microunde]]s, e [[unde de radio|undes de radio]] es anc lúmine. 
Li primari proprietás de lúmine es [[intensitá (fisica)|intensitá]], direction de propagation, [[spectre]] de frequentie o unde-longore, e [[polarisation (undes)|polarisation]]. 
Su [[rapiditá de lumine|rapiditá in un vacuo]], 299.792.458 metres per seconde (m/s), es un del fundamental [[fisic constant|constantes]] de natura.<ref name="LeClerq">{{Cite book |last1=Uzan |first1=J-P |last2=Leclercq |first2=B |year=2008 |title=The Natural Laws de li Universe: Understanding Fundamental Constants |url=https://archive.org/details/li-natural-laws-de-li-universe-understanding-fundamental-constants |pages=43–4 |translator=Robert Mizon|isbn=978-0-387-73454-5|bibcode=2008nlu..book.....U |publisher=[[Springer-Praxis]], [[Internet Archive]]: 2020-06-14 AbdzexK uban|doi=10.1007/978-0-387-74081-2 }}</ref> 
Quam omni tipes de radiation electromagnetic, visibil lúmine propaga per null massiv elementari particules nominat [[photon]]es que representa li [[quante|quantes]] del [[campe electromagnetic]], e posse esser analisat quam ambi [[unde–particule dualitá|undes e particules]]. 
Li studie de lúmine es [[optica]], quel es un important tema de resercha in [[modern fisica]].

Li chef fonte de natural lúmine sur [[Terra]] es li [[Sole]]. Historicmen, un altri important fonte de lúmine por homes ha esset li [[foy]], ma [[electric lampe]]s nu ha viceat largimen foy-lúmine.

==Spectre electromagnetic e lúmine visibil==
[[File:EM spectrum.svg|thumb|380px|Li [[spectre electromagnetic]], con li [[visibil spectre|visibil parte]] emfasat]]

Generalmen, [[radiation electromagnetic]] (REM)  es classificat per unde-longore ad-in [[unde de radio|undes de radio]], [[microunde]]s, [[infrarubie]], li [[visibil spectre]] que noi percepte quam lúmine, [[ultraviolette]], [[X-radie]]s, e [[gamma radie]]s. Li designation "[[radiation]]" exclude [[Static electricitá|static electric]], [[Campe magnetic|magnetic]], e [[proxim e distant campe|proxim campes]].

Li [[Spectre electromagnetic|radiation electromagnetic in visibil lúmine]] consiste de [[photon]]es con sat energie de causar excitationes electronic intra molecules, quel ducte a changes in li ligantes o chimie del molecul. Trans li bass extremitá del visibil spectre de lúmine, REM es invisibil por homes (infrarubie), pro quo su photons ne es sat energetic a causar changes in li
visual molecules in li human [[retine]], quel causa li sensation de vision. Tamen, hay animales que es sensitiv a varie tipes de radiation infrarubi.
 
Super li range de visibil lúmine, ultraviolette es invisibil por homes, pro quo li max mult del ultraviolette es absorpter per li [[cornea]] sub 360 [[nanometre|nm]] e li intern linse sub 400&nbsp;nm. Adplu, li [[baston (cellul)|bastones]] e [[cone (cellul)|cones]] locat in li [[retine]] del ocule human ne posse detecter li tre curt (sub 360&nbsp;nm) ultravioletti unde-longores e facticmen es damageat per lúmine ultravioletti. Multi animales con ocules sin linses (quam [[insecte]]s e crevettes) posse detecter ultraviolette. Li crescement de plantes anc es afecter per li spectre de lúmine, un curse savet quam [[fotomorfogenese]].

[[File:Linear visible spectrum.svg|center|800px]]

== Rapiditá de lúmine ==

Li [[rapiditá de lúmine]] in a [[vacuo]] es definit esser exactmen 299 792 458&nbsp;[[Metre per seconde|m/s]] (circa 186.282 milies per seconde). 
Ti fixat valore del rapiditá de lúmine in [[SI unités]] es pro quo li [[metre]] nu es definit in termines del rapiditá de lúmine se. Omni formes de [[radiation electromagnetic]] move a exactmen ti sam rapiditá in li vacuo.

Li efectiv rapiditá de lúmine in varie transparent substanties de ordinari [[materie]] es minu quam in li vacuo. Por exemple, su rapiditá in aqua es circa 3/4 de que in li vacuo.

==Optica==

Li studie de lúmine e su interactiones con [[materie]] es nominat [[optica]]. 
Li observation e studie de [[optical fenomen]]es quam [[ciel-arc]]s e li [[Aurora (astronomie)|aurora]] da multi signes pri li natura de lúmine.

===Refraction===
[[File:Optical refraction at water surface.jpg|thumb|Pro refraction, li cose demi in aqua apara curvat e li gradus del mesurette compresset quande videt de un angul ínprofund.]]

Refraction es li curvante de lúminal radies quande propaga trans un superficie de un transparent materiale e un altru. It es descrit per li [[Lege de Snell]]:

:<math>n_1\sin\theta_1 = n_2\sin\theta_2\ .</math>

u θ<sub>1</sub> es li angul inter li radie e li superficie [[Normal (geometrie)|normal]] in li unesim medie, θ<sub>2</sub> es li angul inter li radie e li superficie normal in li duesim medie e n<sub>1</sub> e n<sub>2</sub> es li [[Index de refraction|indexes de refraction]], ''n'' = 1 in un [[vacuo]] e ''n'' > 1 in a [[Transparentie e translucentie|transparent]] [[Chimic substantie|substantie]].

Quande un radie de lúmine transea li limite inter un vacuo e alicun medie, o inter du diferent medies, li unde-longore del lúmine changea, ma li frequentie remane constant. 
Si li lúminal radie ne es [[ortogonalitá|ortogonal]] (o normal) al limite, li change in unde-longore causa un change in li direction del radie. Ti change de direction es savet quam [[refraction]].

Li refractiv qualitá de [[linse (optica)|linses]] es frequentmen usat a manipular lúmine por changear li aparent grandore de images. 
[[Lupe]]s, [[oculares]], [[contactent linse]]s, [[microscop]]es, e [[refractent telescop]]es es exemples de tal manipulation.

==Fontes de lúmine== 

Vi multi fontes de lúmine. Un córpor a un specific temperatura emisse un spectre tratic de radiation de un [[córpor nigri]].
Li max comun termal fonte es solari lúmine, li radiation emisset per li [[cromosfere]] del [[Sole]] a circa 6000 K, de qui [[spectre electromagnetic]] have un maximum in li region de
visibil lúmine.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://thulescientific.com/LYNCH%20&%20Soffer%20OPN%201999.pdf |title=Spectrum and the Color Sensitivity of the Eye |website=Thulescientific.com |access-date=29 August 2017}}</ref> Circa 44% del energie de solari lúmine que atinge li terre es visibil.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://rredc.nrel.gov/solar/spectra/am1.5/ |title=Reference Solar Spectral Irradiance: Air Mass 1.5 |access-date=12 November 2009}}</ref> Un altri exemple es [[incandescent ampulle]]s, quel emisse solmen circa 10% de lor energie quam visibil lúmine e li reste quam infrarubie. 

Un comun lúminal fonte historicmen es [[foy|flammes]], ma tis anc emisse lu max de lor radiation quam infrarubi lúmine e solmen un fraction in li visibil spectre.

[[Atom]]es emisse e absorpte lúmine a specific energies. To producte "[[emissional linea]]s" in li spectre de chascun atom. [[Emission (radiation electromagnetic)|Emission]] posse esser [[spontan emission|spontan]], quam in [[lúmine-emissent diode]]s, [[gas dischargeant]] lampes (p.ex., [[neonic lampe]]s, etc.) e flammes. Emission anc posse esser [[stimulat emission|stimulat]], quam por un [[laser]] o [[maser]].

Deceleration de un liber chargeat particul, quam un [[electron]], posse producte visibil radiation: [[ciclotronic radiation]], [[sincrotronic radiation]], e [[bremsstrahlung]] es exemples. Particules que move tra un medie plu rapid quam li rapiditá de lúmine del medie posse producte visibil [[radiation de Cherenkov]]. Cert chimicalies producte visibil lúmine by [[chimiluminescentie]]. In organismes, ti operation es nominat [[bioluminescentie]]. 

Cert substanties producte lúmine quando ili es iluminat per plu energetic radiation, nominat [[fluorescentie]]. Alcun substanties emisse lúmine lentimen pos excitation per plu energetic radiation. To es nominat [[fosforescentie]]. Fosforescent materiales anc posse esser excitat per bombardar les con particules subatomic. 

[[File:Colorful artificial lighting at night.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Hong Kong]] iluminat per colorat artifical [[lucement]].]]

==Mesuration==

Lúmine es mesurat per du principal alternativ gruppes de unites: [[radiometrie]] mesura luminal potentie por omni unde-longores, ma [[fotometrie (optica)|fotometrie]] mesura lúmine con
unde-longore pónderat per un modelle standard de human perception de brilliantie. Fotometrie es util, por exemple, a quantificar [[ilumination]] intentet por usus human.

==Pression de lúmine==

Lúmine exerte pression fisic sur coses in su via, un fenomen deductibil del [[equations de Maxwell]], ma es plu facilimen explicat per li nature particulat de lúmine: fotones batte e transferte lor momente. Luminal pression es egal al potentie del radie luminal dividet per ''[[rapiditá de lúmine|c]]'', li rapiditá de lúmine.

==Vide anc==
* [[Color]]
* [[Ilumination]]
* [[Luminal pollution]]
* [[Luminal terapie]]
* [[Liste de fontes de lúmine]]
* [[Ocul]]
* [[Principle de Fermat]]
* [[Principle de Huygens]]
* [[Spectre electromagnetic]]
* [[Spectroscopie]]
* [[Temperatura de color]]

==Referenties==
<references/>

[[Categorie:Lúmine]]
[[Categorie:Radiation]]